Top 10 Orthodontist in Kansas City Kansas

Top 10 Orthodontist in Kansas City Kansas

Compare Kansas City-area clinics on reviews, service fit, insurance, and booking convenience.

Reviewed August 8, 202610 clinicsDr Maqsud Mallick, BDSHow we rank

Quick Answer

Which clinic looks strongest at a glance?

We prioritize local relevance, review strength, service breadth, access, price clarity, and patient experience signals.

At A Glance

  • Pierce & Knight Family Dentistry is the strongest overall starting point in Kansas City if you want a dependable option for orthodontics.
  • Deer Creek Family Dental Care has the deepest documented patient-feedback history on this page — useful when you want the most established track record before narrowing.
  • Albert Dental is a stronger first look if weekend availability matters more than weekday convenience.

Quick Summary

10 clinics scored on this page

84.9

Tap any clinic below to jump to its card and compare ratings at a glance.

Smyleee Ratings are editorial signals based on reviews, quality of care, and patient feedback. Close scores should be treated as broadly comparable.

Orthodontist Costs in Kansas City, Kansas (2026)

Approximate price ranges — may vary by provider and insurance plan

ProcedureTypical Cost
Orthodontic consultation$0 – $150
Metal braces (full treatment)$3,000 – $7,000
Ceramic / clear braces (full treatment)$4,000 – $8,000
Self-ligating braces (Damon, full treatment)$3,500 – $8,000
Lingual braces (behind teeth, full treatment)$6,000 – $11,000
Invisalign / clear aligners (full case)$3,500 – $6,500
Retainers (set of upper + lower)$300 – $600
Emergency bracket repair$50 – $150
Progress adjustment visit$0 – $100
Palatal expander$1,000 – $3,000

Prices sourced from dentalcosts.hellopearl.com (Kansas City, MO-specific braces cost comparison, reporting an overall range of $3,861–$6,435), fryorthodontics.com (a real Kansas City-metro orthodontic practice with multiple local offices, confirming availability of these treatment types locally), realdentalcosts.com (national per-type braces cost breakdown), and carecredit.com. Ranges reflect Kansas City metro pricing as of 2026 in USD. The KC-specific source gives an overall braces range rather than a per-type breakdown, so per-type figures (metal vs. ceramic vs. self-ligating vs. lingual) are based on national cost guides scaled to fit within the confirmed local overall range. Orthodontic insurance benefits typically cover 50% up to a lifetime maximum of $1,500–$3,500; financing plans are widely available. Always get a personalized quote after your consultation.

Prices verified Aug 8, 2026

Distance Mode

Choose how clinic distance is measured

Compare clinics either from Kansas City Downtown or from your live location.

Distances below are shown from Kansas City Downtown. Switch to From you any time.

Top Clinics in Kansas City Proper

Only clinics physically located in Kansas City appear in this primary ranking.

1

Pierce & Knight Family Dentistry

4.9(895)·18 km from Kansas City Downtown
85Smyleee

101, 8615, Rosehill Road, Greystone Estates South, Lenexa, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 8 AM

Documented for orthodontics in Lenexa, with orthodontics on the service list and 18 procedures on file — just outside Kansas City proper.

Read full description

Pierce & Knight Family Dentistry operates on Rosehill Road in the Greystone Estates South area of Lenexa, Kansas. Implants are considered by many dentists the most durable way to replace a missing tooth, since the titanium post fuses with the jaw bone over several months and then supports a crown that functions much like a natural tooth. Enough healthy bone is the main prerequisite, and a graft can build that up first if needed.

A veneer is a thin custom shell bonded to the front of a tooth to change its shape, length, or colour, most often used to address chips, gaps, or discoloration that whitening alone cannot fix. Traditional veneers require a small amount of enamel to be removed, which makes the change permanent.

Cosmetic treatment is generally the least invasive branch of dentistry, built around changing how teeth look rather than fixing something broken. Whitening and bonding sit at the lighter end; veneers and reshaping involve more planning. Most cosmetic dental insurance excludes this kind of work, since it is elective rather than medically necessary.

Root canal treatment removes infected or inflamed tissue from inside a tooth, cleans and seals the space, and allows the natural tooth to be kept rather than extracted. Its reputation for being painful is largely outdated — carried out under local anaesthetic, it typically relieves pain rather than causing it.

Emergency dental care covers sudden problems that will not wait for a routine appointment — severe pain, a knocked-out or fractured tooth, swelling, or a lost filling that leaves a tooth exposed. Same-day or urgent appointments are the point of an emergency service, rather than the standard multi-week booking window.

A crown covers an entire damaged tooth — used when too much structure is missing for a filling to hold reliably, whether from a large fracture, extensive decay, or after root canal treatment. It restores both the shape and the biting strength of the tooth underneath. Contact details for Pierce & Knight Family Dentistry are on this page, along with the full list of services offered — reach out to ask about scheduling.

Services:OrthodonticsCosmetic DentistryDental BridgesDental Crowns+14 more
Offers OrthodonticsSmyleee 85/1004.9★ · 895 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics, 4.9★ Google rating across 895 verified reviews, and Smyleee Rating 85/100.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · Smyleee 85/100 · 4.9★ · 895 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published18 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
2

Lenexa Family Dental

4.9(304)·20 km from Kansas City Downtown
83Smyleee

15220, West 87th Street Parkway, Hoehn Park, Lenexa, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 8 AM

Orthodontics focus in Lenexa, with orthodontics listed among 23 documented services — just outside Kansas City proper.

More about orthodontics at this clinic

Clear aligners straighten teeth through a series of custom, removable trays, each worn for one to two weeks before moving to the next in the sequence.

Services:OrthodonticsInvisalignCosmetic ContouringCosmetic Dentistry+19 more
Offers Orthodontics4.9★ · 304 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics, 4.9★ Google rating across 304 verified reviews, and Smyleee Rating 83/100.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 4.9★ · 304 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published23 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
3

Capstone Dentistry LLC

4.9(321)·19 km from Kansas City Downtown
82Smyleee

17214, Midland Drive, Red Oak Hills, Shawnee, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 8 AM

Shawnee clinic with a pediatric dentistry specialty — Orthodontics is on file among 19 procedures — just outside Kansas City proper.

Read full description

Capstone Dentistry LLC is a dental practice on Midland Drive in the Red Oak Hills area of Shawnee, Kansas. A dental implant replaces a missing tooth at the root, not just the crown — a small titanium post is placed in the jaw bone and, once it has integrated over a period of months, a replacement tooth is attached to it. It is generally the most durable option for a single missing tooth or several.

A veneer is a thin custom shell bonded to the front of a tooth to change its shape, length, or colour, most often used to address chips, gaps, or discoloration that whitening alone cannot fix. Traditional veneers require a small amount of enamel to be removed, which makes the change permanent.

Root canal treatment removes infected or inflamed tissue from inside a tooth, cleans and seals the space, and allows the natural tooth to be kept rather than extracted. Its reputation for being painful is largely outdated — carried out under local anaesthetic, it typically relieves pain rather than causing it.

Emergency dental care covers sudden problems that will not wait for a routine appointment — severe pain, a knocked-out or fractured tooth, swelling, or a lost filling that leaves a tooth exposed. Same-day or urgent appointments are the point of an emergency service, rather than the standard multi-week booking window.

A crown covers an entire damaged tooth — used when too much structure is missing for a filling to hold reliably, whether from a large fracture, extensive decay, or after root canal treatment. It restores both the shape and the biting strength of the tooth underneath.

A bridge replaces one or more missing teeth by anchoring a false tooth to crowns placed on the teeth either side of the gap, creating a fixed replacement rather than a removable one. It is a longstanding alternative to an implant, particularly when the neighbouring teeth already need crowns. You can reach Capstone Dentistry LLC through this page to ask a question, check current availability, or request an appointment.

Services:OrthodonticsBone GraftingChildren / Pediatric DentistryDental Bonding+15 more
Offers Orthodontics4.9★ · 321 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics, 4.9★ Google rating across 321 verified reviews, and Smyleee Rating 82/100.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 4.9★ · 321 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published19 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Aug 3, 2026
4

Crowder Family Dentistry

5.0(404)·19 km from Kansas City Downtown
76Smyleee

14922, West 87th Street, Lenexa, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 7 AM

Orthodontics is the documented focus in Lenexa; Orthodontics sits within 18 services on profile — just outside Kansas City proper.

Read full description

Crowder Family Dentistry provides dental care on West 87th Street in Lenexa, Kansas. Implants are considered by many dentists the most durable way to replace a missing tooth, since the titanium post fuses with the jaw bone over several months and then supports a crown that functions much like a natural tooth. Enough healthy bone is the main prerequisite, and a graft can build that up first if needed.

A veneer is a thin custom shell bonded to the front of a tooth to change its shape, length, or colour, most often used to address chips, gaps, or discoloration that whitening alone cannot fix. Traditional veneers require a small amount of enamel to be removed, which makes the change permanent.

Cosmetic treatment is generally the least invasive branch of dentistry, built around changing how teeth look rather than fixing something broken. Whitening and bonding sit at the lighter end; veneers and reshaping involve more planning. Most cosmetic dental insurance excludes this kind of work, since it is elective rather than medically necessary.

Root canal treatment removes infected or inflamed tissue from inside a tooth, cleans and seals the space, and allows the natural tooth to be kept rather than extracted. Its reputation for being painful is largely outdated — carried out under local anaesthetic, it typically relieves pain rather than causing it.

A crown covers an entire damaged tooth — used when too much structure is missing for a filling to hold reliably, whether from a large fracture, extensive decay, or after root canal treatment. It restores both the shape and the biting strength of the tooth underneath.

Gum disease treatment ranges from a deeper professional cleaning for early inflammation through to more involved periodontal care once bone around the teeth has started to be affected. Bleeding gums are usually the earliest sign, and the early stage is reversible with proper cleaning and better daily plaque control. Contact details for Crowder Family Dentistry are on this page, along with the full list of services offered — reach out to ask about scheduling.

Services:OrthodonticsCosmetic DentistryDental BondingDental Crowns+14 more
Offers Orthodontics5.0★ · 404 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics and 5.0★ Google rating across 404 verified reviews.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 5.0★ · 404 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published18 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
5

Meadowlark Dental

4.9(216)·20 km from Kansas City Downtown
77Smyleee

Suite 212, 4601, West 109th Street, Fox Hill Office Park, Overland Park, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 8 AM

Profile in Overland Park flags pediatric dentistry; lists Orthodontics alongside 10 other documented services — just outside Kansas City proper.

More about orthodontics at this clinic

Clear aligners straighten teeth through a series of custom, removable trays, each worn for one to two weeks before moving to the next in the sequence.

Services:OrthodonticsInvisalignChildren / Pediatric DentistryCosmetic Dentistry+7 more
Offers Orthodontics4.9★ · 216 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics and 4.9★ Google rating across 216 verified reviews.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 4.9★ · 216 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published11 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
6

Deer Creek Family Dental Care

4.8(895)·26 km from Kansas City Downtown
80Smyleee

Ste 150, 13328, Metcalf Avenue, Deer Creek, Overland Park, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 8 AM

Overland Park practice known for orthodontics, with Orthodontics among 21 documented procedures — just outside Kansas City proper.

More about orthodontics at this clinic

Clear aligners straighten teeth through a series of custom, removable trays, each worn for one to two weeks before moving to the next in the sequence.

Services:OrthodonticsInvisalignCAD/CAM Dental RestorationsComprehensive Dental Care+17 more
Offers Orthodontics4.8★ · 895 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics and 4.8★ Google rating across 895 verified reviews.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 4.8★ · 895 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published21 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
7

Family Dental Care of Olathe

4.6(885)·29 km from Kansas City Downtown
77Smyleee

2001, East Santa Fe Street, Crossroads Shopping Center, Olathe, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 8 AM

Documented for orthodontics in Olathe, with orthodontics on the service list and 27 procedures on file — just outside Kansas City proper.

More about orthodontics at this clinic

Clear aligners straighten teeth through a series of custom, removable trays, each worn for one to two weeks before moving to the next in the sequence.

Services:OrthodonticsInvisalignCosmetic DentistryDental Bridges+23 more
Offers Orthodontics4.6★ · 885 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics and 4.6★ Google rating across 885 verified reviews.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 4.6★ · 885 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published27 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
8

Albert Dental

4.7(869)·27 km from Kansas City Downtown
75Smyleee

11504, West 135th Street, Nieman Plaza, Overland Park, Kansas(nearby)

Closing soon · 6 PM

Orthodontics focus in Overland Park, with orthodontics listed among 12 documented services — just outside Kansas City proper.

More about orthodontics at this clinic

Clear aligners straighten teeth through a series of custom, removable trays, each worn for one to two weeks before moving to the next in the sequence.

Services:OrthodonticsInvisalignDental ImplantsEmergency Dentistry+8 more
Offers Orthodontics4.7★ · 869 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics and 4.7★ Google rating across 869 verified reviews.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 4.7★ · 869 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published12 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
9

Johnson County Dental Care

4.7(102)·18 km from Kansas City Downtown
74Smyleee

STE 150, 7299, West 98th Terrace, Sylvan Grove, Overland Park, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 8 AM

Overland Park clinic with a orthodontics specialty — Orthodontics is on file among 16 procedures — just outside Kansas City proper.

Read full description

Based on West 98th Terrace in the Sylvan Grove area of Overland Park, Kansas, Johnson County Dental Care is a dental practice serving the area. A veneer is a thin custom shell bonded to the front of a tooth to change its shape, length, or colour, most often used to address chips, gaps, or discoloration that whitening alone cannot fix. Traditional veneers require a small amount of enamel to be removed, which makes the change permanent.

Root canal treatment removes infected or inflamed tissue from inside a tooth, cleans and seals the space, and allows the natural tooth to be kept rather than extracted. Its reputation for being painful is largely outdated — carried out under local anaesthetic, it typically relieves pain rather than causing it.

A crown covers an entire damaged tooth — used when too much structure is missing for a filling to hold reliably, whether from a large fracture, extensive decay, or after root canal treatment. It restores both the shape and the biting strength of the tooth underneath.

A bridge replaces one or more missing teeth by anchoring a false tooth to crowns placed on the teeth either side of the gap, creating a fixed replacement rather than a removable one. It is a longstanding alternative to an implant, particularly when the neighbouring teeth already need crowns.

Dentures replace some or all of the natural teeth in a jaw with a removable appliance, custom-fitted to the mouth. A full denture replaces every tooth; a partial fills gaps where some natural teeth remain. Because the jaw bone reshapes over time, dentures typically need adjusting or remaking periodically.

Professional teeth whitening uses a peroxide-based gel, applied under supervision at a strength stronger than anything sold over the counter, to lift years of staining from coffee, tea, red wine, and tobacco. It works on natural enamel only — existing crowns, veneers, and fillings keep whatever shade they were made in. You can reach Johnson County Dental Care through this page to ask a question, check current availability, or request an appointment.

Services:OrthodonticsCrowns & BridgesDental BondingDental Bridges+12 more
Offers Orthodontics4.7★ · 102 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics and 4.7★ Google rating across 102 verified reviews.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics · 4.7★ · 102 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published16 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026
10

Klein & Walker Orthodontics

4.9(41)·29 km from Kansas City Downtown
70Smyleee

#102, 8631, West 150th Street, Trail Winds Center, Overland Park, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens tomorrow at 7:30 AM

Pediatric Dentistry is the documented focus in Overland Park; Orthodontics sits within 7 services on profile — just outside Kansas City proper.

More about orthodontics at this clinic

Klein & Walker Orthodontics provides dental care on West 150th Street in the Trail Winds Center area of Overland Park, Kansas. Clear aligners straighten teeth through a series of custom, removable trays, each worn for one to two weeks before moving to the next in the sequence. Orthodontic treatment straightens teeth and corrects bite problems using braces, clear aligners, or similar appliances over a period that commonly runs from about a year to several years depending on the case. Contact details for Klein & Walker Orthodontics are on this page, along with the full list of services offered — reach out to ask about scheduling.

Services:OrthodonticsInvisalignChildren / Pediatric DentistryGeneral Dentistry+3 more
Offers Orthodontics
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Orthodontics.
Stands outOffers Orthodontics
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published7 services listed
TradeoffOutside Kansas City proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified May 3, 2026

Side-by-Side Comparison

Hard signals for every orthodontics provider on this list — no opinions, just verifiable data.

#ClinicSmyleeeGoogleWkndIns.Fin.Offers
Orthodontics
1Pierce & Knight Family Dentistry· Lenexa854.9(895)
2Lenexa Family Dental· Lenexa834.9(304)
3Capstone Dentistry LLC· Shawnee824.9(321)
4Crowder Family Dentistry· Lenexa765.0(404)
5Meadowlark Dental· Overland Park774.9(216)
6Deer Creek Family Dental Care· Overland Park804.8(895)
7Family Dental Care of Olathe· Olathe774.6(885)
8Albert Dental· Overland Park754.7(869)
9Johnson County Dental Care· Overland Park744.7(102)
10Klein & Walker Orthodontics· Overland Park704.9(41)

Smyleee Rating bands: 90+ Outstanding · 84–89 Excellent · 71–83 Very Good · 61–70 Good · below 61 Rated.

How to Choose a Dentist in Kansas City

Use the ranking as a starting point, then narrow the shortlist based on the kind of care you actually need.

If you want routine or family care

Prioritize review consistency, insurance friendliness, practical hours, and a broad general-dentistry service mix over marketing language alone.

If urgency matters

Confirm same-day capacity, after-hours guidance, and whether the clinic handles urgent restorative work in-house or refers out.

If affordability matters most

Compare financing signals, insurance notes, and the local cost guide. A higher-ranked clinic is not automatically the best value for your specific treatment.

Questions to ask before booking

  • Do you accept my insurance or offer payment plans?
  • Are you taking new patients right now?
  • Do you handle my treatment in-house?
  • What is the total expected cost before treatment starts?
EditorialUpdated August 8, 2026Independently reviewed

Kansas City has no shortage of dental providers — a quick search pulls up hundreds. The challenge isn't finding one, it's figuring out which ones actually deliver. We spent time reviewing patient outcomes, checking credentials, comparing pricing, and analyzing feedback from patients who've had orthodontist work done across the Kansas City metro area.

This is the short list. Ten providers in Kansas City, Kansas that consistently showed up in the data — not because they paid to be here, but because their patients keep coming back and referring others. If you're weighing options for orthodontist in Kansas City, start here.

Medically reviewed by

Dr Maqsud MallickBDS

Frequently Asked Questions

8 questions answered by our editorial team

In Kansas City, orthodontic treatment typically costs $3,500 – $6,500, based on Smyleee's August 2026 local price data. Actual cost varies by provider, materials, and case complexity.
Metal braces (full treatment) in Kansas City typically range $3,000 – $7,000 (August 2026). Final pricing depends on the clinic, materials, and whether you have insurance.
Ceramic / clear braces (full treatment) in Kansas City typically range $4,000 – $8,000 (August 2026). Final pricing depends on the clinic, materials, and whether you have insurance.
Self-ligating braces (Damon, full treatment) in Kansas City typically range $3,500 – $8,000 (August 2026). Final pricing depends on the clinic, materials, and whether you have insurance.
Smyleee ranks Kansas City orthodontics clinics on a weighted score: verified patient reviews (30%), clinical credentials and expertise (20%), technology and equipment (15%), accessibility (15%), pricing transparency (10%), and patient experience (10%). The list is recomputed from current data and independently reviewed by Dr Maqsud Mallick, BDS.
The ranking is recalculated on a rolling basis from current review and profile data and was last reviewed in August 2026. Clinics can move up or down as their underlying data changes.
Prioritise verified credentials and relevant training, modern equipment and sterilisation standards, a strong and recent review history, transparent pricing, and clear communication about treatment options. Confirm the clinic is taking new patients and offers orthodontics before booking.
Many clinics in Kansas City accept major dental insurance and offer financing such as in-house payment plans or third-party options like CareCredit for larger treatments. Coverage and financing vary by practice — confirm your plan is accepted and ask about phased or monthly payment options before treatment begins.

How We Vet Each Clinic

Every clinic on this list passes our verification process

  • License & standing verified — active Kansas dental license confirmed with no disciplinary actions.
  • Patient review volume checked — minimum verified patient reviews across Google with a strong average rating.
  • Local presence confirmed — verified physical practice in the Kansas City metro area with established patient base.
  • Technology & equipment assessed — modern dental technology and sterilization standards evaluated.
  • Transparent pricing reviewed — clear communication of costs, financing options, and insurance acceptance.

How We Scored the Best Clinics

Our transparent ranking methodology

Verified patient reviews & outcomes30%
Orthodontist expertise & credentials20%
Technology investment & modern equipment15%
Accessibility (hours, location, scheduling ease)15%
Transparent pricing & financing options10%
Patient experience & comfort measures10%

How This Page Was Reviewed

We want this page to help users choose confidently, not just scroll a list.

Editorial checks

  • Locality and city fit
  • Review strength and rating consistency
  • Services, hours, insurance, and profile completeness
  • Paid placements kept separate from organic rankings

Transparency

  • Content updated: August 8, 2026
  • Ranking last recomputed: Not shown
  • Medical reviewer: Dr Maqsud Mallick, BDS
  • Clinic verification dates reflect the latest synced or modified profile timestamp
  • Organic rankings are algorithmic, sponsored rows are labeled
  • Clinics can move up or down when underlying data changes

Keep comparing before you book

Use the ranking, comparison table, and nearby alternatives to narrow the shortlist that best matches your situation.

Are you a Kansas City clinic? Improve your profile quality, verification signals, and structured details to strengthen reconsideration for this list.