Top 10 Root Canal Treatment in Columbia Maryland

Compare Columbia-area clinics on reviews, service fit, insurance, and booking convenience.

Reviewed July 29, 202610 clinicsDr Maqsud Mallick, BDSHow we rankNearby

Quick Answer

Which clinic looks strongest at a glance?

We prioritize local relevance, review strength, service breadth, access, price clarity, and patient experience signals.

At A Glance

  • Williamson Dental is the strongest overall starting point in Columbia if you want a dependable option for dental implants.
  • Ivory Dental has the deepest documented patient-feedback history on this page — useful when you want the most established track record before narrowing.
  • Ivory Dental is the strongest nearby alternative if you are willing to travel outside Columbia for fit.

Quick Summary

10 clinics scored on this page

84.9

Tap any clinic below to jump to its card and compare ratings at a glance.

Smyleee Ratings are editorial signals based on reviews, quality of care, and patient feedback. Close scores should be treated as broadly comparable.

Root Canal Treatment Costs in Columbia, South Carolina (2026)

Approximate price ranges — may vary by provider and insurance plan

ProcedureTypical Cost
Root canal consultation + X-ray$75 – $250
Root canal (anterior / front tooth)$700 – $1,200
Root canal (premolar)$800 – $1,400
Root canal (molar)$1,000 – $1,800
Root canal retreatment$1,100 – $2,000
Post and core buildup$250 – $450
Dental crown after root canal (porcelain)$1,000 – $1,800
Apicoectomy (surgical root end procedure)$900 – $1,800
Nitrous oxide sedation$75 – $200
Temporary filling$75 – $200

Prices verified Jul 29, 2026

Distance Mode

Choose how clinic distance is measured

Compare clinics either from Columbia Downtown or from your live location.

Distances below are shown from Columbia Downtown. Switch to From you any time.

Top Clinics in Columbia Proper

Only clinics physically located in Columbia appear in this primary ranking.

9

Williamson Dental

959 km from Columbia Downtown
37Smyleee

240 Admiral Trost Dr, Columbia, IL, 62236, Columbia, Illinois

Closed · Opens today at 7 AM

Columbia clinic with a dental implants specialty — Root Canal Treatment is on file among 19 procedures.

Read full description
The emergency dentist is an important ally when it comes to dental emergencies. This is because these dentists often handle things quickly, efficiently, and effectively. They also offer their patients quality care when it comes to extracting all kinds of tooth issues, including broken teeth, infected teeth, and many others. If you are searching for a dentist near me, then at Williamson Dental, we are proud to be considered one of the best, most effective, and innovative emergency dentists in the area. With our extensive experience, we have learned to handle dental emergencies such as toothaches, injuries, and other types of accidents effectively. If you or your family have an urgent need for a dentist in Columbia right now, please give us a call and make your trip to our office as painless as possible. We promise that you won't regret it.
Services:Root Canal TreatmentCosmetic ContouringCosmetic DentistryDental Crowns+15 more
Offers Root Canal Treatment
Why this ranks
Best forRoot Canal Treatment
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Root Canal Treatment.
Stands outOffers Root Canal Treatment
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published19 services listed
TradeoffNo independent Google reviews yet — rating weight is lower
VerifiedClinic data last verified Apr 3, 2026
32Smyleee

650 Glenmary Dr, Columbia, KY 42728, United States, Columbia, Kentucky

Orthodontics focus in Columbia; root canal treatment is implied by specialty rather than listed directly, with 1 services on file.

Read full description

Cumberland Orthodontics is an orthodontic specialty practice located at 650 Glenmary Dr in Columbia, Kentucky. The practice is led by Dr. Ryan N. Brown, DDS, MSD, who holds a Master of Science in Dentistry in orthodontics in addition to his dental degree, reflecting the postdoctoral specialty training required to practice orthodontics.

Columbia is the county seat of Adair County in south-central Kentucky. Cumberland Orthodontics serves patients in Columbia and the broader rural Adair County area, as well as patients who travel from surrounding counties including Green, Taylor, and Casey counties for access to a specialty orthodontist.

Orthodontic care at this practice focuses on diagnosing and correcting misaligned teeth and improper bite relationships. An initial evaluation includes clinical examination, photographs, and diagnostic imaging to assess the condition of the teeth, jaws, and facial structure. From this baseline, a treatment plan is developed that specifies the approach, the duration, and the expected result.

Treatment options at orthodontic practices typically include traditional metal braces, which use brackets and archwires to apply controlled forces to move teeth, and may also include clear aligner systems or other appliances depending on the patient’s clinical needs. The MSD credential held by Dr. Brown indicates advanced academic and clinical preparation in the full range of orthodontic techniques.

New patients at Cumberland Orthodontics can expect a thorough consultation before treatment begins, during which findings are explained and the treatment plan is reviewed in detail. Patients from outside Columbia can inquire about scheduling flexibility when planning appointments from a distance.

Contact Cumberland Orthodontics through this listing to reach the Columbia, Kentucky office and schedule a new patient consultation.

Services:Orthodontics
Why this ranks
Best forOrthodontics
Why included1 services documented on this profile. Limited independent review signal — verify fit before booking.
ProofDirect phone numberPublic website
TradeoffRoot Canal Treatment is implied by specialty but not listed as a direct service
VerifiedClinic data last verified Apr 3, 2026

Nearby Alternatives Worth Considering

Excellent clinics, but outside Columbia.

These clinics are useful if you are willing to trade local convenience for a broader Bay Area comparison set.
1

Ivory Dental

4.9(1.4k)·3126 km from Columbia Downtown
85Smyleee

335, Columbia Boulevard West, West Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta(nearby)

Open until 3 PM

Documented for pediatric dentistry in Lethbridge, with root canal treatment on the service list and 18 procedures on file — just outside Columbia proper.

More about root canal treatment at this clinic

Endodontics in-house covers root canal treatment within the established patient relationship.

Services:Root Canal TreatmentEndodonticsBracesChildren / Pediatric Dentistry+14 more
Offers Root Canal TreatmentSmyleee 85/1004.9★ · 1.4k reviews
Why this ranks
Best forRoot Canal Treatment
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Root Canal Treatment, 4.9★ Google rating across 1,363 verified reviews, and Smyleee Rating 85/100.
Stands outOffers Root Canal Treatment · Smyleee 85/100 · 4.9★ · 1.4k reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published18 services listed
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Jul 12, 2026
2

Fifth Avenue Dental Arts

4.8(932)·3341 km from Columbia Downtown
86Smyleee

300, 450, A Street, Core-Columbia, San Diego, California(nearby)

Closed · Opens today at 9 AM

Orthodontics focus in San Diego, with root canal treatment listed among 27 documented services — just outside Columbia proper.

Read full description

Fifth Avenue Dental Arts is a caring general dentistry practice located in San Diego, California. Doctors Ramin Ghassemi, DDS, MS, and Nina Mojaver, DMD, Fifth Avenue Dental Arts offer patients of all ages and walks of life the very best in modern dental care in a friendly and welcoming environment.

Fifth Avenue Dental Arts functions around the cornerstones of excellence, experience, and esthetics. Its goal is to provide everyone with the individualized, specialized care that only its high standards, years of experience, and eye for esthetics can bring.

The practice provides a wide variety of high-quality dental services for the whole family, including cosmetic dentistry, restorative dentistry, emergency dentistry, orthodontics, periodontics, endodontics, implantology, oral sedation dentistry, and extractions.

If you’re seeking dental care, consider this practice than Fifth Avenue Dental Arts. To learn more about the practice, reach out by phone or send an inquiry via the online booking tool.

Services:Root Canal TreatmentBracesCAD/CAM Dental RestorationsCosmetic Dentistry+23 more
Offers Root Canal TreatmentSmyleee 86/1004.8★ · 932 reviews
Why this ranks
Best forRoot Canal Treatment
Why includedIncluded because this clinic directly offers Root Canal Treatment, 4.8★ Google rating across 932 verified reviews, and Smyleee Rating 86/100.
Stands outOffers Root Canal Treatment · Smyleee 86/100 · 4.8★ · 932 reviews
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published27 services listed
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Jun 26, 2026
3

Farah Ahmad, DDS

646 km from Columbia Downtown
34Smyleee

5645 Columbia Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041, United States, Falls Church, Virginia(nearby)

Closed · Opens today at 8 AM

Falls Church clinic with a general dentistry specialty that covers root canal treatment by implication, across 1 documented services — just outside Columbia proper.

Read full description

Farah Ahmad, DDS practices at 5645 Columbia Pike in Falls Church, Virginia's 22041 zip code — the Columbia Pike corridor of Fairfax County near the Arlington border. Columbia Pike is one of Northern Virginia's most important commercial and transit arterials, running east-west through Fairfax County and Arlington County with a dense corridor of affordable retail, restaurants, and services that serve one of the most diverse communities in the DC metropolitan area. The 5645 Columbia Pike address in Falls Church's 22041 zip is near the Skyline and Bailey's Crossroads areas of eastern Fairfax County.

The Columbia Pike corridor is home to large immigrant communities from El Salvador, Guatemala, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Somalia, and across Latin America, Africa, and Asia, reflecting a demographic diversity that rivals the most international communities anywhere in the country. Dr. Ahmad's name suggests South Asian or Middle Eastern heritage, and a named dentist who may serve multilingual patient communities along this corridor adds a cultural and linguistic accessibility dimension to the practice's value.

General dental care at Dr. Ahmad's DDS practice covers comprehensive oral examinations, professional cleanings, restorative treatments, diagnostic imaging, and management of the dental conditions that the Columbia Pike patient base presents. Columbia Pike's diverse and often immigrant patient population includes many uninsured and underinsured individuals for whom accessibility and trust in the provider matter more than brand recognition.

The 5645 Columbia Pike address is accessible from the Columbia Pike corridor and the surrounding Fairfax County street network, with bus service along the Pike and parking at the practice. For Falls Church and Columbia Pike patients who want a named-dentist general dental practice in the diverse Bailey's Crossroads and Skyline corridor, Dr. Farah Ahmad's DDS practice at this address provides accessible, culturally engaged care in one of Northern Virginia's most international communities.

Services:General Dentistry
Why this ranks
Best forGeneral Dentistry
Why included1 services documented on this profile. Limited independent review signal — verify fit before booking.
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic website
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Apr 3, 2026
4

Smile Dental Clinic

651 km from Columbia Downtown
34Smyleee

5645 Columbia Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041, United States, Falls Church, Virginia(nearby)

Closed · Opens today at 8 AM

General Dentistry focus in Falls Church; root canal treatment is implied by specialty rather than listed directly, with 1 services on file — just outside Columbia proper.

Read full description

Smile Dental Clinic is located at 5645 Columbia Pike in Falls Church, Virginia's 22041 zip code — on Columbia Pike, the major east-west commercial arterial that connects Arlington's Shirlington neighborhood westward through the Baileys Crossroads and Seven Corners areas of eastern Fairfax County. The 5645 Columbia Pike address in Falls Church 22041 is in the Baileys Crossroads section of the Pike corridor, in the commercial strip that includes a dense mix of immigrant-owned businesses, ethnic restaurants, and service providers catering to the highly diverse population that makes this stretch of Columbia Pike one of Northern Virginia's most multicultural commercial corridors.

The Smile Dental Clinic name uses the universal positive dental brand "smile" alongside the functional "clinic" designation, positioning the practice as a community dental clinic serving the diverse Baileys Crossroads and Columbia Pike patient base. This corridor has a high concentration of Latino, South Asian, East African, and Southeast Asian households, and a dental clinic on Columbia Pike serves this multilingual community with accessible general dental care.

General dental care at Smile Dental Clinic covers comprehensive oral examinations, professional cleanings, restorative treatments, diagnostic imaging, and ongoing management of dental health. The Columbia Pike location is accessible by bus on the Metrobus routes serving the Pike corridor and by the surrounding Fairfax County street network.

For Falls Church and Fairfax County patients along the Columbia Pike corridor — particularly the diverse multilingual communities of Baileys Crossroads and the 22041 zip code — Smile Dental Clinic at 5645 Columbia Pike provides accessible general dental care in the heart of Northern Virginia's most culturally diverse commercial street.

Services:General Dentistry
Why this ranks
Best forGeneral Dentistry
Why included1 services documented on this profile. Limited independent review signal — verify fit before booking.
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic website
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Apr 3, 2026
5

Smile Dental Clinic

651 km from Columbia Downtown
34Smyleee

5645 Columbia Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041, United States, Falls Church, Virginia(nearby)

Closed · Opens today at 8 AM

Root Canal Treatment isn't listed directly on profile, but this Falls Church clinic is documented for general dentistry across 1 services — just outside Columbia proper.

Read full description

Smile Dental Clinic provides general dental services to patients in the Falls Church and Bailey's Crossroads area of northern Virginia from its practice at 5645 Columbia Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041. Columbia Pike at 5645 in the 22041 zip code is in the Falls Church and Bailey's Crossroads commercial corridor of Fairfax County, Virginia, accessible for patients from across the Falls Church, Arlington, and northern Virginia communities who seek general dental care on this busy Northern Virginia corridor.

Columbia Pike in Fairfax County and Arlington County is one of Northern Virginia's major urban corridors, running through a diverse and densely populated area from the Pentagon area through Bailey's Crossroads to Falls Church. The 22041 zip code covers the Bailey's Crossroads and Falls Church area of Fairfax County — one of the most diverse communities in Virginia, with a large Latino, Vietnamese, Ethiopian, and international population. Smile Dental Clinic serves this multicultural Columbia Pike community with neighborhood general dental care.

Comprehensive oral examinations evaluate tooth structure, gum tissue health, bite alignment, and the condition of any existing restorations. Professional cleanings remove calculus and plaque deposits that accumulate between visits, supporting long-term gum health. For patients with active decay, composite resin fillings restore tooth structure and integrity. Dental crowns address more significantly damaged teeth, and extractions are performed when preservation is not feasible.

Columbia Pike at 5645 is accessible from I-395 and the northern Virginia road network, with ART bus and Metrobus service on the Columbia Pike corridor. Smile Dental Clinic is a general dental resource for the Falls Church and Bailey's Crossroads 22041 community.

Services:General Dentistry
Why this ranks
Best forGeneral Dentistry
Why included1 services documented on this profile. Limited independent review signal — verify fit before booking.
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic website
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Apr 3, 2026
6

Decatur Smiles

301 km from Columbia Downtown
34Smyleee

144 S Columbia Dr, Decatur, GA 30030, USA, Decatur, Georgia(nearby)

Open until 4 PM

Decatur clinic with a invisalign specialty that covers root canal treatment by implication, across 14 documented services — just outside Columbia proper.

Read full description
Decatur Smiles is a modern family dental practice in the heart of downtown Decatur, Georgia. We work with both adults and children to provide the finest general dentistry care possible. We offer a variety of services including crown and bridge work, implants, Invisalign, laser dental therapy, dentures, whitening, and a lot more. Our comprehensive examination includes digital radiography, annual periodontal examination, oral cancer screenings at every appointment, and cleaning that will leave you feeling your best.
Services:Comprehensive Dental CareCrowns & BridgesDental BridgesDental Cleaning+10 more
Why this ranks
Best forInvisalign
Why included14 services documented on this profile. Limited independent review signal — verify fit before booking.
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published14 services listed
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Jun 30, 2026
7

Lawrence Dental Solutions

1386 km from Columbia Downtown
34Smyleee

545 Columbia Dr Suite 2001, Lawrence, KS 66049, USA, Lawrence, Kansas(nearby)

Closed · Opens today at 8 AM

Dental Implants focus in Lawrence; root canal treatment is implied by specialty rather than listed directly, with 13 services on file — just outside Columbia proper.

Read full description
Operating as a family business, it is our priority to provide each of our patients with the kind of personalized care they should expect from their dentist. We, and our team of staff members, possess the exceptional skills that come from extensive training, and our office is equipped with the resources and technology to allow our patients the best possible dental experience whether they visit for a dental exam and cleaning or to improve their smile with cosmetic services. In addition to a high standard of clinical care, we place great importance on delivering services through a personal approach in which our patients are included in the process of determining the best solutions to achieve optimal oral health.
Services:Cosmetic DentistryDental BondingDental BridgesDental Cleaning+9 more
Why this ranks
Best forDental Implants
Why included13 services documented on this profile. Limited independent review signal — verify fit before booking.
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic websitePrice range published13 services listed
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Jun 30, 2026
8

Columbia Road Health Services

2.8(56)·654 km from Columbia Downtown
49Smyleee

1660, Columbia Road Northwest, Northwest Washington, Washington, District of Columbia(nearby)

Closed · Opens today at 8 AM

Root Canal Treatment isn't listed directly on profile, but this Washington clinic is documented for general dentistry across 1 services — just outside Columbia proper.

Read full description

Columbia Road Health Services is located at 1660 Columbia Road Northwest in Washington DC's 20009 zip code — the Columbia Heights and Adams Morgan neighborhood, one of the most culturally diverse and immigrant-rich communities in Washington DC. Columbia Road NW is the main commercial spine of Adams Morgan and the Columbia Heights border area, lined with restaurants, shops, community organizations, and services that reflect the neighborhood's predominantly Latino, Ethiopian, and international character. A health center at this address serves one of DC's most economically and linguistically diverse patient populations.

Community health services at this address likely operate on a sliding-scale or subsidized basis, providing dental care to patients who may face cost or insurance barriers in DC's expensive healthcare market. The immigrant communities of Columbia Road — many from El Salvador, Guatemala, Ethiopia, and across Latin America and Africa — include significant numbers of uninsured and underinsured residents who depend on community health organizations for dental and primary care.

Dental services within a community health framework cover preventive care, professional cleanings, restorative treatments for cavities, extractions, and emergency dental care — the foundational services that prevent dental disease from progressing to more serious and costly conditions. A Columbia Road health center provides this care within walking distance of the dense residential neighborhoods of Columbia Heights, Adams Morgan, and Mount Pleasant.

The 1660 Columbia Road NW address is accessible from the Columbia Heights and Woodley Park Metro stations and the Columbia Road commercial corridor, with bus service along Columbia Road and 16th Street NW. For Adams Morgan and Columbia Heights residents who need community health dental services accessible within their neighborhood, Columbia Road Health Services at this address provides care that reflects the community identity of this diverse DC corridor.

Services:General Dentistry
Why this ranks
Best forGeneral Dentistry
Why includedIncluded because this clinic 56 verified Google reviews.
ProofBusiness hours publishedDirect phone numberPublic website
TradeoffOutside Columbia proper
VerifiedClinic data last verified Jun 30, 2026

Side-by-Side Comparison

Hard signals for every root canal treatment provider on this list — no opinions, just verifiable data.

#ClinicSmyleeeGoogleWkndIns.Fin.Offers
Root Canal Treatment
9Williamson Dental37
10Cumberland Orthodontics: Ryan N. Brown, DDS, MSD32
1Ivory Dental· Lethbridge854.9(1,363)
2Fifth Avenue Dental Arts· San Diego864.8(932)
3Farah Ahmad, DDS· Falls Church34
4Smile Dental Clinic· Falls Church34
5Smile Dental Clinic· Falls Church34
6Decatur Smiles· Decatur34
7Lawrence Dental Solutions· Lawrence34
8Columbia Road Health Services· Washington492.8(56)

Smyleee Rating bands: 90+ Outstanding · 84–89 Excellent · 71–83 Very Good · 61–70 Good · below 61 Rated.

How to Choose a Dentist in Columbia

Use the ranking as a starting point, then narrow the shortlist based on the kind of care you actually need.

If you want routine or family care

Prioritize review consistency, insurance friendliness, practical hours, and a broad general-dentistry service mix over marketing language alone.

If urgency matters

Confirm same-day capacity, after-hours guidance, and whether the clinic handles urgent restorative work in-house or refers out.

If affordability matters most

Compare financing signals, insurance notes, and the local cost guide. A higher-ranked clinic is not automatically the best value for your specific treatment.

Questions to ask before booking

  • Do you accept my insurance or offer payment plans?
  • Are you taking new patients right now?
  • Do you handle my treatment in-house?
  • What is the total expected cost before treatment starts?
EditorialUpdated July 29, 2026Independently reviewed

Columbia has no shortage of dental providers — a quick search pulls up hundreds. The challenge isn't finding one, it's figuring out which ones actually deliver. We spent time reviewing patient outcomes, checking credentials, comparing pricing, and analyzing feedback from patients who've had root canal treatment work done across the Columbia metro area.

This is the short list. Ten providers in Columbia, Maryland that consistently showed up in the data — not because they paid to be here, but because their patients keep coming back and referring others. If you're weighing options for root canal treatment in Columbia, start here.

Medically reviewed by

Dr Maqsud MallickBDS

Frequently Asked Questions

8 questions answered by our editorial team

In Columbia, a root canal typically costs $75 – $250, based on Smyleee's July 2026 local price data. Actual cost varies by provider, materials, and case complexity.
A dental crown after root canal (porcelain) in Columbia typically ranges $1,000 – $1,800 (July 2026). Final pricing depends on the clinic, materials, and whether you have insurance.
A root canal (anterior / front tooth) in Columbia typically ranges $700 – $1,200 (July 2026). Final pricing depends on the clinic, materials, and whether you have insurance.
A root canal (premolar) in Columbia typically ranges $800 – $1,400 (July 2026). Final pricing depends on the clinic, materials, and whether you have insurance.
Smyleee ranks Columbia root canal treatment clinics on a weighted score: verified patient reviews (30%), clinical credentials and expertise (20%), technology and equipment (15%), accessibility (15%), pricing transparency (10%), and patient experience (10%). The list is recomputed from current data and independently reviewed by Dr Maqsud Mallick, BDS.
The ranking is recalculated on a rolling basis from current review and profile data and was last reviewed in July 2026. Clinics can move up or down as their underlying data changes.
Prioritise verified credentials and relevant training, modern equipment and sterilisation standards, a strong and recent review history, transparent pricing, and clear communication about treatment options. Confirm the clinic is taking new patients and offers root canal treatment before booking.
Many clinics in Columbia accept major dental insurance and offer financing such as in-house payment plans or third-party options like CareCredit for larger treatments. Coverage and financing vary by practice — confirm your plan is accepted and ask about phased or monthly payment options before treatment begins.

How We Vet Each Clinic

Every clinic on this list passes our verification process

  • License & standing verified — active Maryland dental license confirmed with no disciplinary actions.
  • Patient review volume checked — minimum verified patient reviews across Google with a strong average rating.
  • Local presence confirmed — verified physical practice in the Columbia metro area with established patient base.
  • Technology & equipment assessed — modern dental technology and sterilization standards evaluated.
  • Transparent pricing reviewed — clear communication of costs, financing options, and insurance acceptance.

How We Scored the Best Clinics

Our transparent ranking methodology

Verified patient reviews & outcomes30%
Root Canal Treatment expertise & credentials20%
Technology investment & modern equipment15%
Accessibility (hours, location, scheduling ease)15%
Transparent pricing & financing options10%
Patient experience & comfort measures10%

How This Page Was Reviewed

We want this page to help users choose confidently, not just scroll a list.

Editorial checks

  • Locality and city fit
  • Review strength and rating consistency
  • Services, hours, insurance, and profile completeness
  • Paid placements kept separate from organic rankings

Transparency

  • Content updated: July 29, 2026
  • Ranking last recomputed: Not shown
  • Medical reviewer: Dr Maqsud Mallick, BDS
  • Clinic verification dates reflect the latest synced or modified profile timestamp
  • Organic rankings are algorithmic, sponsored rows are labeled
  • Clinics can move up or down when underlying data changes

Keep comparing before you book

Use the ranking, comparison table, and nearby alternatives to narrow the shortlist that best matches your situation.

Are you a Columbia clinic? Improve your profile quality, verification signals, and structured details to strengthen reconsideration for this list.